NED - Architecture Manual

Instruction Word Formats

All instruction words in NED are 32-bits long and fall into one of three possible formats.

+---------+-----+-----+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  Format |  31 |  30 | 29..24 | 23..18 | 17..12 |  11..6 |  5..0  |
+---------+-----+-----+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|    A    |  1  |                  31-bit Immediate                |
+---------+-----+-----+--------------------------------------------+
|    B    |  0  |  1  |               Unassigned                   |
+---------+-----+-----+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|    C    |  0  |  0  | Syl. 1 | Syl. 2 | Syl. 3 | Syl. 4 | Syl. 5 |
+---------+-----+-----+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

Format A contains a 31-bit field which is placed on the stack after shifting left one position and padding with a zero. For example, the instruction

11000000 01000000 01000000 01000000

will place the value

10000000 10000000 10000000 10000000

on the TOS.

Format B is reserved for future instructions.

Format C packs five syllables per instruction word, executed in order from 1 to 5. Syllables are defined as follows.

Bits	Name	Description
1xxxxx	IM_x	Push a 5-bit immediate to TOS.
011xxx	LDSP+x	Copy the value stored at TOS+x and push to TOS.
010xxx	STSP+x	Pop from TOS and overwrite value at TOS+x.
001000	AND	Logical AND of TOS and NOS, pushed to TOS.
001001	OR	Logical OR of TOS and NOS, pushed to TOS.
001010	NOT	Logical NOT of TOS, pushed to TOS.
001011	XOR	Logical XOR of TOS and NOS, pushed to TOS.
001100	ADD	Signed, twos-complement addition. TOS <- TOS + NOS
001101	SWAP	Swap TOS and NOS.
001110	JMP	Pop TOS and set PC to popped value.
001111	MVSTCK	Pop the TOS and context switch to that state ID.
000100	SHIFT	Pop TOS & NOS. Shift NOS by TOS bits to the left/right.
000101	CMPSWP	Compare-and-swap with ptr, old_val & new_val on stack.
000110	TEST	Pop TOS and set PSW according to value.
000111	BRZ	Pop TOS & NOS. If NOS==0, then set PC to TOS value.
000010	LOAD	Pop address from TOS, dereference and store to TOS.
000011	STORE	Pop address from TOS, pop data from NOS, deref and store.
000001	NOP	Do nothing.
000000	HALT	Halt the CPU.

The Instruction Reference contains a more complete description of these operations.

Processor State

The Processor Status Word (PSW) contains Negative and Zero flags in the following bit positions. See the Instruction Reference for details on which operations set these flags.

+-------+------------+-----+-----+
|  Bits |    31..2   |  1  |  0  |
+-------+------------+-----+-----+
| Flags | Unassigned |  N  |  Z  |
+-------+------------+-----+-----+

In addition to a traditional Program Counter (PC), the processor also includes a Syllable Counter (SC) which ranges from 0 to 4. Both the PC and SC point to the next instruction to be executed. Thus, when executing the middle syllable of a word located at address 0x200, the PC is 0x204 and the SC is 3.

Since the CPU is stack based, it includes a Stack Pointer (SP).

Memory Map

The address space is laid out with memory mapped I/O below 512 MB and RAM above.

4 GB
|-------- Data
512 MB
|-------- I/O (general purpose)
128 MB
|-------- I/O (reserved for processors in 16 MB chucks x 8 CPUs)
0 Mb

Temporarily, there are four read-only registers accessible in the lowest four words of memory. Writes to these registers are ignored.

Address	Name	Description
0x0	Zero Register	Constant 0x0
0x4	Negative Register	Constant 0x80000000
0x8	PC Register	PC of currently active thread.
0xC	PSW Register	PSW of currently active thread.

Also temporarily, a UART-like peripheral is present with the following registers.

Address	Name	Description
0x8000000	Transmit Buffer	Accepts one byte and transmits to stdout.
0x8000004	Transmit Status	Bit 0 is set when UART is ready to send a byte.
0x8000008	Receive Buffer	Contains one byte from stdin.
0x800000C	Receive Status	Bit 0 is set when a byte is ready to be read.